=============================== STACKZ VERB CONJUGATION FILE INFORMATION & README DOCUMENT Stackz File Created by: Benjamin Thorn 2003 =============================== [==INTRODUCTION==] This Stackz File is designed to assist the user with verb conjugation (ie tranforming a verb from one form to another). For example, Lesson A2 teaches the user to make -masu (Polite) form verbs from -ru (Plain) form verbs - "taberu" changes to "tabemasu" and so on. The focus of each lesson is outlined below. [==CONTENT==] Fourteen different verbs are used in the lessons (as follows). Each verb represents a different verb type (or subtype) and demonstrates the conjugation rule that applies to each type (or subtype). Once the basic conjugation rule is mastered using the example verb, other verbs with the same ending can be substituted. taberu (eat) [ichidan (-eru)] ochiru (fall) [ichidan (-iru)] kau (buy) [godan (-u)] kiku (listen) [godan (-ku)] oyogu (swim) [godan (-gu)] hanasu (speak) [godan (-su)] matsu (wait) [godan (-tsu)] shinu (die) [godan (-nu)] asobu (play) [godan (-bu)] nomu (drink) [godan (-mu)] hashiru (run) [godan (-ru)] iku (go) [irregular] kuru (come) [irregular] suru (do) [irregular] Verb forms (conjugations) covered in the file are as follows: Plain -ru (casual or 'dictionary' usage) Polite -masu (polite usage) Plain Non-past Negative -nai (don't - ) Plain Desiderative -tai (want to - ) Plain Past -ta (did - ; -ed) Conditional -tara (If - ; If {I} - ) Conditional -ba (If - ; If {I} - ) Alternative -tari ( - or...) Gerund -te ( -ing) Imperative -e/-ro ( -! ; command) Volitional -oo (try to - ) Potential -reru (Able to - ) Passive -rareru (Be - ; intransitive verb form) Causative -saseru (Allow/force to - ) Causative-Passive -raresaseru (Be forced to - ) [==FURTHER READING==] The following publications offer further instruction or explanation on verb conjugation, and were used as a guide in compiling the Stackz File. - Kodansha's Furigana Japanese Dictionary (1999) Kodansha, Tokyo. (Appendix contains a basic verb conjugation chart) - Seiichi Makino & Michio Tsutsui, A Dictionary of Basic Japanese Grammar (1986) Japan Times, Tokyo. (Gives more detailed explanations of meaning variations caused by conjugation) [==FILE SETTINGS==] To change file settings, open the Stackz File, and choose 'File Options' from the file menu. In all lessons (except Lesson 1), columns are set up in the following way: Column 1 (Orignal Verb): Original Verb (usually in -ru [Plain] form). The Target Verb Form is written in brackets after the Original verb. (eg "taberu (Polite)" - change "taberu" to Polite form) Column 2 (Target Verb): Target Verb Form (eg -masu [Polite] form, etc) Column 3 (Translation): Meaning of Target Verb Form (eg "let's eat") Column 4 (Vb Type, Conj Rule): Verb type and Subtype (ichidan, godan, or irregular), and conjugation rule. For the Test Dialog, the recommended settings are as follows. These settings are set as default for this Stackz file: Column 1 (Original Vb): fit 2 lines in control TestOrder = 1 Column 2 (Target Vb): fit 2 lines in control TestOrder = 2 Column 3 (Translation): fit 2 lines in control TestOrder = 3 [or 1] Column 4 (Vb Type, Conj Rule): TestOrder = 3 [or OFF (..)] [==LESSON STRUCTURE==] The Stackz file is divided into two sections. Section A focusses on specific conjugation patterns (Polite, Conditional, etc), while Section B focusses on a particular verb type and subtype (Ichidan, Godan, Irregular). This allows you to concentrate on getting a particular conjugation correct [Section A], or study all the conjugations of a particular verb type [Section B]. [==LESSON A1: VOCABLUARY==] Introduces the vocabluary used in the subsequent lessons. This lesson is set up in the conventional Stackz format, with Entry (including kanji), Reading (hiragana), Translation (meaning) and Comment (verb type). [==LESSON A2: POLITE==] Change -ru (Plain) form verbs to -masu (Polite) form. eg: "taberu" changes to "tabemasu" "hashiru" changes to "hashirimasu" [==LESSON A3: PLAIN==] Change -masu (Polite) form verbs to -ru (Plain) form. eg: "tabemasu" changes to "taberu" "hashirimasu" changes to "hashiru" [==LESSON A4: NON-PAST NEG==] Change -ru (Plain) form verbs to -nai (Plain Non-Past Negative) form. eg: "taberu" (eat) changes to "tabenai" (does not eat) "hashiru" (run) changes to "hashiranai" (does not run) [==LESSON A5: DESIDERATIVE==] Change -ru (Plain) form verbs to -masu (Plain Non-Past Desiderative) form. eg: "taberu" (eat) changes to "tabetai" (want to eat) "hashiru" (run) changes to "hashiritai" (want to run) [==LESSON A6: PAST==] Change -ru (Plain) form verbs to -ta (Plain Past) form. eg: "taberu" (eat) changes to "tabeta" (ate) "hashiru" (run) changes to "hashitta" (ran) [==LESSON A7: CONDITIONAL==] Change -ru (Plain) form verbs to -tara and -ba (Conditional) forms. eg: "taberu" (eat) changes to "tabetara" or "tabereba" (if {I} eat) "hashiru" (run) changes to "hashittara" or "hashireba" (if {I} run) Note: For clarity, the subject "I" is presumed. However, other subjects may be substituted (eg "You", "They", "It", etc). [==LESSON A8: ALTERNATIVE==] Change -ru (Plain) form verbs to -tari (Alternative) form. eg: "taberu" (eat) changes to "tabetari" (eating or...) "hashiru" (run) changes to "hashittari" (runing or...) [==LESSON A9: GERUND==] Change -ru (Plain) form verbs to -te (Gerund/-ing) form. eg: "taberu" (eat) changes to "tabete" (eating) "hashiru" (run) changes to "hashitte" (running) [==LESSON A10: IMPERATIVE==] Change -ru (Plain) form verbs to -masu (Imperative) form. eg: "taberu" (eat) changes to "tabero" (eat!) "hashiru" (run) changes to "hashire" (run!) [==LESSON A11: VOLITIONAL==] Change -ru (Plain) form verbs to -yô (Plain Volitional) form. eg: "taberu" (eat) changes to "tabeyô" (let's eat) "hashiru" (run) changes to "hashirô" (does not run) [==LESSON A12: POTENTIAL==] Change -ru (Plain) form verbs to -eru (Plain Potential) form. eg: "taberu" (eat) changes to "taberareru" (able to eat) "hashiru" (run) changes to "hashireru" (able to run) [==LESSON A13: PASSIVE==] Change -ru (Plain) form verbs to -rareru (Plain Passive) form. eg: "taberu" (eat) changes to "taberareru" (be eaten) "hashiru" (run) changes to "hashirareru" (be running) [==LESSON A14: CAUSATIVE==] Change -ru (Plain) form verbs to -reru (Plain Causative) form. eg: "taberu" (eat) changes to "tabesaseru" (made/allowed to eat) "hashiru" (run) changes to "hashireru" (made/allowed to run) [==LESSON A15: CAUSATIVE-PASSIVE==] Change -ru (Plain) form verbs to -raresaseru (Causative-Passive) form. eg: "taberu" (eat) changes to "taberaresaseru" (be forced to eat) "hashiru" (run) changes to "hashiraresaseru" (be forced to run) [==LESSON B1: ICHIDAN (-ERU)==] All conjugations for Ichidan (-eru) Verbs. Focusses on the example verb "taberu" (eat). [==LESSON B2: ICHIDAN (-IRU)==] All conjugations for Ichidan (-iru) Verbs. Focusses on the example verb "ochiru" (fall). [==LESSON B3: GODAN (-U)==] All conjugations for Godan (-u) Verbs. Focusses on the example verb "kau" (buy). [==LESSON B4: GODAN (-KU)==] All conjugations for Godan (-ku) Verbs. Focusses on the example verb "kiku" (listen). [==LESSON B5: GODAN (-GU)==] All conjugations for Godan (-gu) Verbs. Focusses on the example verb "oyogu" (swim). [==LESSON B6: GODAN (-SU)==] All conjugations for Godan (-su) Verbs. Focusses on the example verb "hanasu" (speak). [==LESSON B7: GODAN (-TSU)==] All conjugations for Godan (-tsu) Verbs. Focusses on the example verb "matsu" (wait). [==LESSON B8: GODAN (-NU)==] All conjugations for Godan (-nu) Verbs. Focusses on the example verb "nu" (die). [==LESSON B9: GODAN (-BU)==] All conjugations for Godan (-bu) Verbs. Focusses on the example verb "asobu" (play). [==LESSON B10: GODAN (-MU)==] All conjugations for Godan (-mu) Verbs. Focusses on the example verb "nomu" (drink). [==LESSON B11: GODAN (-RU)==] All conjugations for Godan (-ru) Verbs. Focusses on the example verb "hashiru" (run). [==LESSON B12: IRREGULAR (IKU)==] All conjugations for the Irregular Verb "iku" (go). [==LESSON B13: IRREGULAR (KURU)==] All conjugations for the Irregular Verb "kuru" (come). [==LESSON B14: IRREGULAR (SURU)==] All conjugations for the Irregular Verb "suru" (do).